West Africa used to be the centre of the palm oil industry. The export of palm kernels began in 1832 and by 1911 “British” West Africa alone exported 157,000 tonnes of which about 75 percent came from Nigeria. In the 1870s, British administrators took the plant to Malaysia and in 1934 that country surpassed Nigeria as the largest exporter of the product. By 1966, Malaysia and Indonesia had surpassed Africa’s total palm oil production.
In Nigeria, oil palm is indigenous to the coastal plain, having migrated inland as a staple crop. 80% of production comes from several million smallholders spread over an estimated area ranging from 1.65 million hectares to a maximum of 3 million hectares. For millions of Nigerians, oil palm cultivation is part of their way of life –indeed it is part of their culture.
As reported by Chima Uzoma Darlington, an Ngwa man from Abia State of Nigeria, “in Ngwa land and most parts of eastern Nigeria, the palm tree is highly valued. It contributes so much to the rural economy that we call it ‘Osisi na ami ego’ in my dialect, which literally means ‘the tree that produces money’. Apart from the oil, virtually every part of the tree contributes to rural livelihood. From the palm fronds, we get materials for making baskets and brooms. The tree is tapped for palm wine especially in Enugu State; and many young men in the rural areas earn their living as palm fruit harvesters while many women (married and unmarried) trade on the fruits.
In my place of origin, many of our prominent sons today, were trained using proceeds from palm trees. Up till today, many community developmental projects are financed using proceeds from the sale of oil palm fruits. In view of any developmental project, the Head of the Village or Community places a ban on individual harvesting of oil palm fruits for a specified period. When it is time for harvesting, individual members of the village or community are mandated to pay a specified amount of money to qualify them to partake in the harvest, which takes place collectively on an agreed date. This was also how they were able to train some of our prominent sons. Even as at today, indigent rural dwellers still pledge their palm trees to others in order to get money to take care of some needs like sending their children to school.”
As documented in the case of Akwa Ibom State, a southeastern coastal state in Nigeria and one of the areas where oil is produced in large quantities, women play an important role in the production, storage and commercialization of red palm oil, a common ingredient in the cooking of almost every type of dish prepared in Nigeria.
The processing of the fruits into vegetable oil is most commonly carried out by women. It begins with harvesting the ripe fruits which grows in clusters weighing between 20-30 kilos. The women work communally in groups of 2 or 3. The harvested fruits are cut into smaller clusters and sprinkled with water, and then, covered with thick jute bags or banana leaves to aid fermentation and make it easy for the seeds to be picked easily from its spiky stalks.
Two or three days after, the seeds are picked, washed and packed in to iron drums and boiled. Fire kindled from gathered fire-wood is usually prepared a night before and at intervals, rekindled to keep the fire cooking constantly hot. As early as 4 or 5 a.m. the boiled seeds whose fleshy pericarp has become soft and tender are scooped with a small basket or sieve bowl into an earth dug-out mortar, which has been fitted with a metal drum. The boiled seeds are then pounded with a wooden pestle to separate the fleshy pericarp from its hard kernel seeds.
The next stage involves scooping this mixture onto a flat trough or onto the ground which had been covered with banana leaves. The kernel seeds are then separated from the fibrous mash. This is then scooped into a cylindrical hollow press. The wrench is then turned slowly and gradually, as this is being done, the extracted oil from the holes in the press is guided through a duct at the bottom of the press into a large bowl, trough or container. This process is carried out several times until oil is drained from the marshy mixture.
The next stage is carefully draining the oil into containers; in doing so, the women are careful not to allow dirt, fiber or other foreign matter into the oil. The finished product if in large quantity may be further stored in larger metal drums awaiting buyers who come to buy them off these women and transported to other towns. If the oil is not so large in quantity they are then taken to the local market for sale; either way, the Akwa Ibom woman earns her money.
“These palm trees”, informs Chima, “are mostly the ones occurring naturally on their pockets of land and not monoculture plantations. Most parts of the eastern Nigeria bear secondary regrowth forests with the oil palm tree being the dominant tree species.”
In the past, the Nigerian government had tried to implement large-scale oil palm plantations, most of which resulted in complete failures. Such were the cases of the 1960′s Cross River State project and of the European Union-funded “Oil palm belt rural development programme” in the 1990′s. This project included the plantation of 6,750 hectares of oil palm within an area thought to be one of the largest remnants of tropical rainforest in Nigeria and it was implemented by a company called Risonpalm Ltd., partly owned by the government. In spite of local opposition, the project moved forward and EU funding was only discontinued in 1995, seven years after its approval. The plantation was abandoned in 1999 and reactivated in 2003. In 2010, the local governor announced his intention to privatize it.
The World Bank played an important role in the promotion of the oil palm business in Nigeria. According to a recent World Bank document, Nigeria has been “the second largest recipient of World Bank palm oil sector projects, with six projects over the 1975 to 2009 period. One project is still under implementation. Results achieved included the plantation of 42,658 ha of oil palm, as well as road improvement and increased milling capacity.”
The Federal Government appears to be now willing to revitalise oil palm production. In April 2010, the government launched a Common Fund for Commodities “in order to improve the income generating potential of oil palm in West and Central Africa.” The initiative was developed by UNIDO and funding is shared between Nigeria, Cameroon, UNIDO and the private sector.
In line with the above, officials of Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) have recently said that “promotion of private sector participation in oil palm plantation holds the ace in effective revival of the produce business in the country.” Director of NIFOR, Dr Dere Okiy has stated that “the land tenure system in the country” is a “limiting factor against private mass production of palm oil by individuals” and “called on local and state governments to provide land areas to oil palm farmers to encourage mass production of palm oil.”
Everything seems to point at the possible expansion of oil palm plantations in Nigeria -revitalizing old ones and establishing new ones- both aimed at the national and international market. But, as Chima warns, “The establishment of monoculture plantations usually involves the destruction of the existing vegetation, and this will amount to the felling of the naturally occurring oil palm trees on which the people depend for their livelihood.” And he concludes: “Land grabbing from rural people to encourage large scale monoculture oil palm plantations will impoverish them the more and cause hardship.”
Source: “Oil palm in Nigeria”, WRM draft at http://oilpalminafrica.wordpress.com/2010/08/06/oil-palm-in-nigeria/ and comments from Chima, Uzoma Darlington.
“These palm trees”, informs Chima, “are mostly the ones occurring naturally on their pockets of land and not monoculture plantations. Most parts of the eastern Nigeria bear secondary regrowth forests with the oil palm tree being the dominant tree species.”
In the past, the Nigerian government had tried to implement large-scale oil palm plantations, most of which resulted in complete failures. Such were the cases of the 1960′s Cross River State project and of the European Union-funded “Oil palm belt rural development programme” in the 1990′s. This project included the plantation of 6,750 hectares of oil palm within an area thought to be one of the largest remnants of tropical rainforest in Nigeria and it was implemented by a company called Risonpalm Ltd., partly owned by the government. In spite of local opposition, the project moved forward and EU funding was only discontinued in 1995, seven years after its approval. The plantation was abandoned in 1999 and reactivated in 2003. In 2010, the local governor announced his intention to privatize it.
The World Bank played an important role in the promotion of the oil palm business in Nigeria. According to a recent World Bank document, Nigeria has been “the second largest recipient of World Bank palm oil sector projects, with six projects over the 1975 to 2009 period. One project is still under implementation. Results achieved included the plantation of 42,658 ha of oil palm, as well as road improvement and increased milling capacity.”
The Federal Government appears to be now willing to revitalise oil palm production. In April 2010, the government launched a Common Fund for Commodities “in order to improve the income generating potential of oil palm in West and Central Africa.” The initiative was developed by UNIDO and funding is shared between Nigeria, Cameroon, UNIDO and the private sector.
In line with the above, officials of Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) have recently said that “promotion of private sector participation in oil palm plantation holds the ace in effective revival of the produce business in the country.” Director of NIFOR, Dr Dere Okiy has stated that “the land tenure system in the country” is a “limiting factor against private mass production of palm oil by individuals” and “called on local and state governments to provide land areas to oil palm farmers to encourage mass production of palm oil.”
Everything seems to point at the possible expansion of oil palm plantations in Nigeria -revitalizing old ones and establishing new ones- both aimed at the national and international market. But, as Chima warns, “The establishment of monoculture plantations usually involves the destruction of the existing vegetation, and this will amount to the felling of the naturally occurring oil palm trees on which the people depend for their livelihood.” And he concludes: “Land grabbing from rural people to encourage large scale monoculture oil palm plantations will impoverish them the more and cause hardship.”
Source: “Oil palm in Nigeria”, WRM draft at http://oilpalminafrica.wordpress.com/2010/08/06/oil-palm-in-nigeria/ and comments from Chima, Uzoma Darlington.
This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
ReplyDeleteDUMANYIE HOPE .N.
ReplyDeleteMAT NO: U2008/5020204
What is Agroforesty:
Agroforesty is a collective terms for system on technologies of land use where perennial woody plant (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos. Etc) are deliberately cultivated on the same land management units as agricultural crops and / or animals in a spatial or temporal arrangement, and where there are both ecological and economic interaction between the woody plants and other components of the system.
Which means is a dynamic, ecologically based natural resources management practice that, through the integration of trees on farm and in the agricultural landscape, diversities and sustains production for increase, social economic and environmental benefits.
Importance of Agroforesty
Agroforesty is important for the fact that it represents an interface between agriculture and forestry and encompasses mixed land use practice, which has been developed primarily in response to the special needs and condition of tropical developing countries that have not been satisfactorily addressed by advances in conventional agriculture or forestry. The needs include the solution to the problem of degraded soil, land tenure, shortage of fodder, fuel wood, timber and subsistence farming.
Agroforesty is also important in the following headings:
1. Food:
I. Food for man from trees as fruits, nuts and cereal substitutes.
II. Micro-climates improvement due to trees, particularly shelter-belts.
2. Water:
Improvement of soil moisture, retention in rainfed croplands and pasture through improved soil structure and micro climate effect of trees.
3. Shelter:
Building materials for shelter construction.
4. Raw materials:
I. Raw material for pulp and paper industry.
II. Fiber for weaving.
5. Cash:
I. Direct cash benefit from sales of tree products.
In the strick sense relating what agrofrostry is and it important to the environment, my community (wiinorteem Bori) and the entire famers, foresters should be convinced about modern farming method because over emphasis on food production and indiscriminate dichotomy between forest and agriculture under the modern farming has created problem in land mark especially were there is high pressure on land, as small agricultural land becomes degraded and unproductive through the adoption of inappropriate of western technology more forest land is cleared of trees and more unproductive created. The land resources base on which the lively hood of large proportion of the population depends as thus, continue to decline and with its food and wood production as also continue to decline. These can cause threaten of food security in the community but the moment the entire community adopt and embrace the method and practice of agroforesty which has the capability to increase the productivity and at the same time maintain the nutrient balance as well as protect the nature. Due to its technical and economic potential, it can sustain agriculture production. It is only the knowledge of agrofrorstry that can help the community to recognize the importance of prevailing tropical ecology which requires multistructueral/multifunctional agro-ecosystem to sustain high plants productive. These can maximize food production on the available land and ensure food security.
Describe the following symbiotic relationship using examples;
ReplyDeletei. Commensalism
ii. Mutualism
iii. Parasitism
1. Commensalism: Commensalism is the term which describes the relationship between two different organisms often living closely together, in which one of the organisms derives some benefits from the association. While the other is relatively unaffected.
Examples: Let’s take a good look on bromeliads (plants living on trees in rain forests) and frog; the frog get shelter and water from the bromeliads, but the bromeliad is unaffected.
Another good example; could be between the buffalo and the oxpecker bird foraging in the wild or fields among other wild animal. As buffalo, antelop and other wild animal graze on the fields, they cause movements that stirrup various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the oxpecker bird following the wild animal catch and feed upon them. The oxpecker benefits from this relationship because the wild animal have helped them fine their meals, while the wild animal (buffalo, antelop ) are typically unaffected by it.
2. Mutualism: Mutualism is an association between two unrelated organisms which is beneficial to both.
Examples of mutualism, clownfish and sea anemones; clownfish are small, brightly-coloured fish found in coral reefs. They are frequently found in the tentacles of sea anemones, which typically capture their pray by paralyzing them with discharge cniloblasts (nematocytes), and then ingesting the animal within gastrovascular cavity.
Example 2:
Buffalo are groomed by tick birds which remove blood sucking flies and ticks from their hides. In this association, the birds get food by eating the ticks, while the buffalo benefits by having their parasitic infestation reduced. This enables the buffalo to thrive and be more productive. This is common among many herbivores.
3. Parasitism: Is an association of non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organisms, the parasitic, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
Examples 1: Are the parasitic plants, known as the witch weed (sntriga) and dodder (cuscuta). Dodder witch weed are mistletoe are common parasitic plants that live on other plants. They have organs called suckers or haustoria (singular: haustorium). These attach the parasitic to the host and penetrate into the hosts body to absorb food from the host’s cell. Usually, the haustoria do not damage the host’s cells but make their cell membranes permeable to nutrients, enabling food to pass into the parasite.
Example 2 of Parasitism: Leeches, which are common in tropical forest as are mosquitoes. Both feed on the blood of host’s and give nothing in return making it a parasitic relationship.
Over the years plants and animals have been relating with each other in one way or the other as well as with other non-biological surrounding around them.
ReplyDeleteThis association can either be between two or more species depending on the type of relationship they exhibits.
Symbiosis generally is used to describe these different association that occur between organisms.
Below are the symbiotic relationship that exist between plants and animal.
COMMENSALISM
This is an association between unrelated organisms in which he commensal benefits while the other (host) is not affected. i.e. the host is said to be neutral because it is not affected in any way.
Example:
An epiphytic fern that lives on a tree cites its location where it can get enough sunlight for photosynthesis without affecting the other.
MUTUALISM
This is an association between two unrelated organisms which is beneficial to both although one is greatly depended upon the other for some critical resources or function that it can’t survive in the given environment without the other species.
Example:
The oxpecker birds on the buffaloes the cattle are groomed by tick bird which helps them to remove blood sucking fleas and tick from their hides, while the birds gets its own food by eating the ticks therefore reducing the parasitic infestation of the buffalo.
PARASITISM
This is an association in which one of the organism the parasites lives on or inside the body of another organisms (host) deriving benefit from it and also causing harm to it. Animal are often host to a range of parasitic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and invertebrates like round worm flukes, ticks etc. plants also are host to parasites such as viruses, bacteria, nematodes even other flowing plants like witch weed (striga) and dodder (cuscute) as well.
Parasites that lives on the body surface of their host such as ticks, fleas, lice etc are called ectoparasites while those that live inside the body of host e.g. round worm, hook worm, tapeworm etc are called endoparasites.
Examples
Dodder witch weed and mistletoe.
The dodder here organs have a sucker called haustorie which penetrate the host and absorb nutrient from the host cells. Although the host cell is not damaged, the cell membrane becomes permeable to nutrient making food to pass into the parasitic easily.
Generally symbiosis is any close and prolonged relationship between two or more organisms of different species. Which may be all consumer; consumer and procurer; produce and saprophyte and so on. Their relationship may be temporary, permanent, harmful, beneficial and neutral.
We study these association to know how these organisms relates in their natural environments, and how they associate, adapt and survive successfully and how these association are balanced up in their environments.
This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
ReplyDeleteAMADI EUNICE MUNACHIMSO
ReplyDeleteU2010/5015001
AGRIC ECONS AND EXTENSION
Trees are woody perennial plants, typically having a single trunk growing to a considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground. Trees are important, valuable and necessary to our very existence. They provide many products, including food for humans and animals, timber, fuel and medicines. Trees not only provide products, they also protect of environment and improve the living conditions around a farm. For example, they provide shade and shelter and play a vital role in preventing soil erosion and in sustaining soil fertility. The importance can also be direct benefits and indirect benefits. In direct benefits, it deals with the produce from the trees and the employment opportunities it offers. The major produce of a tree is its woody materials. There make up the timber and the firewood. Timber is used mainly as a building material. It is also converted into paper, and other products. The minor produce of the tree includes products of vegetable origin like rubber, palm oil, fruits, gum, drug, dyes and honey. Both the major and minor produce brings in a lot of revenue to the country. The raw materials for many industries are supplied by the opportunities for many jobs in various fields. In direct benefits of trees although not apparent help to make the local climate more comfortable. They protect animals and crops from the desiccating winds, and prevent erosion. Besides, trees also have an aesthetic value. The pleasure they give is like a soothing balm to many people.
SOME REASONS WHY TREES ARE IMPORTANT
Trees produce oxygen- a mature leafy trees produces as much oxygen in a season, it can also act as a giant filter that cleans the air we breathe.
Trees clean the soil- trees can either store harmful pollutants or actually change the pollutant into less harmful forms. Trees filter sewage and farms chemicals; reduce the effects of animal’s wastes.
Trees control noise pollution- trees planted at strategic points in a neighborhood or around your house can abate major noises from freeway and airports.
Trees slow storm water run-off- flash flooding can be dramatically reduced by a forest or by planting trees.
Trees are carbon sinks- to produce its food; a tree absorbs and locks away carbon dioxide in the wood, roots and leaves. Carbon dioxide is a global warming suspect. This locking up process stores carbon as wood and not as an available greenhouse gas.
Trees clean the air- trees help cleanse the air by intercepting airborne particles, reducing heat, and absorbing such pollutants as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Trees remove this air pollution by lowering air temperature through respiration and by retaining particulates.
Trees shade and cool- shade resulting in cooling is what a tree is best known for.
Trees fight soil erosion- planting trees around the farm helps in preventing soil erosion.
Trees acts as windbreaks- planting trees around the house helps to prevent windbreaks.
Trees increase property values.
DUKE JOY INEMA
ReplyDeleteU2010/5015005
AGRIC ECONS AND EXTENSION
Trees have been into existence, it’s all gotten from the forest with its own qualities. Which are as follows:
Trees provides timber for building, construction of furniture, paper manufacturing, tools, sporting equipment and others like saw timber plywood, particle boards, matches sticks, poles, etc.
Also it control climate by moderating the effect of sun, rain and wind. Leaves absorbs and filter the sun radiant energy and also preserve warmth by providing a screen from harsh wind; lowers the air temperature and reduces heat intensity of the green house effect by maintain low level of carbon dioxide.
Excess of leaf fall make excellent compost that enriches the soil, animals eat the leaves and also their fruits which are found around the farmland. As sources as vitamin, minerals etc like mangoes, guava, African pear etc, also animals uses their leaves as cover to avoid prevent predators.
People in the rural areas uses it as source of fuelwood for cooking and heating, about half of the worlds populations, baking and local brewing, space warming.
It was the first fuel and which is still used by people, some of them burns faster than others.
Tree roots bind the soils and their leaves breaks the force of wind and the rain on the soil, they fight erosion the soil on the farm land and reduces water run-off and sediment deposits after storms.
Trees muffle urban noise almost as effectively as stone walls, tree planted at strategic points in a neighborhood that is it controls the noise pollution in the farmland.
Trees can either store harmful pollutants or actually change the pollutant into less harmful forms also filter sewage and farm chemical; reduces the effect of animals waste etc.
Trees provide oxygen, improving air, conserving water, preserving soil and supporting wildlife. During photosynthesis tree takes in carbon dioxide. It provides shelter for farm animals even for wildlife animals.
It provides for curing of diseases and also fodder.
Some of the farmer benefits from these like; production of sponge for washing of plates, brooms for sweeping and also dusting, chewing stick for teeth washing.
Drinks like palm-wine are gotten from palm tree and used as medium of realizing money.
Industries can get dyes and stains which are gotten from the roots, barks, and also from the fruits or wood. Honey, charcoal is also gotten from some of the trees too.
They have provided foreign exchange, increasing revenue for the country and to help the country increase their economic system.
Trees serve as recreational centre and tourism centre, which can attract other countries to come in.
It creates job opportunities where the trees are being planted; the federal or state government may decide to be in charge in order to generate income.
The trees give shade to the farmers especially when the weather is too hot even to the animals.
The leaves helps in the nitrogen fixation which the plants to grow well.
NAME;DANIEL UDUAKOBONG GODDY
ReplyDeleteMAT NO;U20105010025
DEPT;ANIMAL SCIENCE/FISHERIES
DATE;31/03/012
CODE;AGR 201.1
THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANT OF TREES
Trees are one of the important woody plants of the ecosystem,they are mostly used for timber purposes.tress are used as a source of sustenance for food,sugar,starch,spices condiment,beverages,medicines,essential oil,fatty oils and vegetable fats,soap substitutes,vegetable ivory,fodder,fuel bio energy and bio fuels,fertilizers,fib re pulp and paper,dyes,rubber and latex products,gums,5resins and cork,lastly the food plants of and mulberry and non-mulberry silkworm which feed on leaves of many forest tress are mentioned.Trees are important to mankind not only economical,environmentally and industrially but also spiritually,historically and aesthetically for they sustain human life direct and indirect gains by providing a wide range of product for survival and prosperity.A tree by definition is a large longed lived woody plants that attains a height of at least 6m (IE) 20ft at maturity in a given locality and usually but not always a single main self supporting stem called a trunk or boe which gives off spreading branches,twigs and foliage to make a crown.
Trees also represent one of the important components of each and every terrestrial ecosystem and are part of a nature's precious gift.
Logically the natural TREES has a logical meaning(SETH 2002):TIMBER:This is the first and foremost use of tree.
R;Restoration,reeking,rejuvenation of the demanded and disturbed by using tress to control soil erosion and desertification,project water sheds,improves soil nutrients status by growing nitrogen fixing trees and retain moisture in the soil.
E:ecological,ecode4velopmental and environmental use of trees for effective and efficient purification of the environment because trees act as oxygen banks and eliminate air pollutants for abating or moderating temperature,noise and wind by planting trees as environmental screens,thus affecting micro climate for harboring wildlife for maintaining biodiversity and for conserving energy.
E;Educational and recreational value in gardening,landscaping and bio aesthetic planning and culture and religions.
S;Source of sustenance IE food,fuel,fodder,fertilizer,fiber,medicines,tanning,dye and oils etc.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TREES IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPING
Human elements including different forms of land use buildings and structures and transitory elements such as lightening and weather conditions.Trees are important components of natural land scape, this is because of their prevention of erosion and the provision of a weather sheltered ecosystem in and under their foil age.They also play an important role in producing and reducing Co2 in the atmosphere as well as moderating ground temperatures.They are also elements in landscaping and agriculture both for their aesthetic appeal and their orchard crops such as apples.Wood from trees is a building material as well as primary energy source in many developing countries.
NAME: REHUA NMA
ReplyDeleteMAT.NO:U2010/5005028
DEPT: CROP AND SOIL SCIENCE
COURSE CODE: AGR 201.1
DATE: 30/03/2012
THE IMPORTANCE OF TREE AND THEIR INCLUSION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Forest are amazing learning spaces, one can learn about the sustainable management of nature’s forest and woodland resources is of prime importance to the health of the planet. Its bio-diversity and consequently the future of mankind whether you are a mere sapling or grand old oak there’s plenty of fun to be had with trees.
The interdependence between all form of life on the planet means that conservation of our forests and woodlands is essential for the preservation of human kind. Through care and management we can make good use of this sustainable resource for future generations. How many of us really understand the real cost of the goods that we buy for our weekly shop at the supermarket?
Trees are important, valuable and necessary to our very existence; it’s not too hard to believe that, without trees we humans would not exist on this beautiful planet. Trees are essential to life as we know it and are the ground fronting of our existing forest and the trees we plant work in tandem to make a better world.
Trees provide sweets for us to eat as well. Chocolate comes from the cocoa tree. Maple syrup is from the sugar maple tree.
Trees are used to make fragrance. Mahogany is used as a base note in a good number of perfumes, bay leaf or cypress is used in the middle notes while trees such as eucalyptus or lemon are used in the top notes.
Trees are the source of essential oils. Sweet orange, cedar wood or blue gum are source of important essential oils.
Trees are source of medicines. A few medicinal trees are the Benjamin, camphor or rauwolfia.
Paper is made from trees. The pulp that paper is made from comes mostly from soft wood trees such as poplar, pine; larch etc. with this would be included cardboard, carton etc.
Trees are used to make soap. Olive, argan, coconut, cocoa, and Brazil nut oil are all used in the making of soap. One of the oldest trees used in the making of soap was the cassia tree.
Trees are used in tattooing. Henna from lawsonia inermis has been used for body art for thousands of years.
Trees are used to make home and shelters for people and animals. Wherever trees are readily available they have been used to make homes and shelters. In the northwest United States, Western Redcedar or ponderosa pine are used as timber for construction.
Trees are used to make liquor. In Spain the acorns of oak trees are used to make acorn liquor.
Trees are also used to make cosmetics.
In summary tress is very important to man and animals cause it provide us with everything we need.
NAME: OMONINWARI-OFORIE AMINAYANASAM
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: CROP AND SOIL SCIENCE
MAT. NO: U2010/5005010
COURSE CODE: AGR. 201.1
The Importance of trees
Trees are the larges and longest living organizations on earth to grow tall the tree has become a miracle of engineering and a complex chemical factory. It is able to take water and salts out of the earth and lift up to the leaves, sometimes over 400 ft above. By means of photosynthesis the leaves combine the water and salts with carbon dioxide from the air to produce the nutrients which feed the tree. In this process, as well as wood, trees create many chemicals, seeds and fruit of great utility to man. Trees also remove carbon dioxide, the main green house gas, from the air,
Trees help to breathe and provide a home for quite a few diverse kinds of animals and insects. They are the largest and longest living organisms on earth. To grow tall the tree has become a miracle of engineering and a complex chemical factory. It is able to take water and salts out of the earth and lift them up to the leaves. Sometimes over 400 ft above. By means of photosynthesis the leaves combine the water and salts with carbon dioxide from the air to produce the nutrients which the tree. In this process as well as wood, trees create many chemicals, seeds and fruit of great utility to man. Also, trees provide refreshing shade.
Trees are used to as ornamental trees to beautify gardens, avenues and parks. The London plane is the arch-typical urban tree while trees such as the common cypress have been used to make tree “sculptures”. Trees are important because they clean the air we breath. Many people don’t realize that the substance that trees are mostly made of (the carbon) comes not from the ground but from the air. Trees convert CO2 into oxygen that awe need to breath. Trees stabilize hillsides and keep top soil from being washed away. Trees help keep river courses from eroding into banks. Trees provide food and shelter to many species of birds and animals. Trees have important roles in many religious belief systems. Buddha is associated with the Sacred Fig tree. Trees are important national, state and local symbols. The Oak of Guernica is a very important symbol for the Basque people for example.
Trees are historical landmarks. Trees are used to make artifacts and carvings. Carvings of masks, figurines, animals, idols, etc are common in most native cultures. Trees are used to make shores. In Northern Europe wooden shoes called “Clogs” are made from Willow, Poplar, Birch, Beech and Alderwood.
NAME: ONYENKAZI NICE
ReplyDeleteMAT NO: U2010/5005020
DEPARTMENT: CROP AND SOIL SCIENCE
COURSE CODE: AGR. 201.1
SUMMARIES
Trees are important, valuable and necessary to our very existence. It’s not too hard to believe that, without trees we humans would not exist on this beautiful planet. In facts, some claim can be made that our mother’s and father’s ancestors climbed trees – another debate for another site.
Still, trees are essential to life as we know it and area the ground frontline. Our existing forest and the trees we plant work in tandem to make a better world.
1. Trees Produce Oxygen: Lets face it, we could not exist as we do it there were no trees. A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year.
2. Trees Clean The Soil: The term photo-remediation is a fancy word for the absorption of dangerous chemicals and other pollutants that have entered the soil. Trees can either store harmful pollutants or actually change the pollutant into fess harmful forms. Trees filter sewage and farm chemicals, reduce the effects of animal waste clean roadside spills and clean water runoff into streams
3. Trees Control Noise Pollution: Trees mottle urban noise almost as effectively as stone walls. Tress, planted at strategic points in a neighborhood or ground your house, can abate major noises from free ways and airports.
4. Trees Slow Storm water Runoff: flash flooding can be dramatically reduced by a forest or by planting trees. One Colorado blue spruce, either planted or growing wild, can intercept more than 1000 gallons of water annually when full grown. Underground water holding aquifers are recharged with his slowing down of water runoff.
5. Trees are Carbon Sinks: To produce its food, a tree absorbs and locks away carbon dioxide in the wood, roots and leaves. Carbon dioxide is a global warming suspect. Forest is a carbon storage area or a “sink” that can lock up as much carbon as it produces. This locking up process stores carbon as wood and not as an available “green house” gas.
6. Trees Clean the Air: Trees help cleanses the air by intercepting airborne particles, reducing heat, and absorbing such pollutant as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Trees remove this air pollution by lowering air temperature through respiration, and by retaining particulates.
7. Trees Shade and Cool: Shade resulting in cooling is what a tree is best known for shade from trees reduces the need for air conditioning in summer. In winter winds lowering heating costs. Studies have shown that part of cities without cooling shade from trees can literally be “heat Island: with temperatures as much as 12 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding areas.
8. Trees Act as Windbreaks: During windy and cold seasons trees located on the win ward side act as wind breaks. A windbreak can lower home heating bills up to 30% and have a significant effect on reducing snow drifts. A reduction in wind can also reduce the drying effect on soil and vegetation behind the windbreak and help keep precious top soil in place.
9. Trees Fight Soil Erosion: Erosion control has always started with tree and grass planting projects. Trees roots bind the soil and their leaves break the force of wind and rain break the force of wind and rain on soil. Trees fight still erosion, conserve rain water and reduce water runoff and sediment deposit after storms.
10. Trees Increase Property Values: real estate values increase when trees beautify a property or neighborhood. Trees can increase the property value of your home by 15% or more.
NAME: TAYLOR LYDIA EMMANUEL
ReplyDeleteMAT: U2010/5010014
DEPT: ANIMAL SCIENCE AND FISHRIES
MPORTANCE OF TREES AND ITS INCLUSION
IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
THE IMPORTANCE OF TREES
Trees are the largest and longest living organisms on earth. To grow tall the tree has become a miracle of engineering and a complex chemical factory. It is able to take water and salts out of the earth and lift them up to the leaves, sometimes over 400 ft above. By means of photosynthesis the leaves combine the water and salts with carbon dioxide from the air to produce the nutrients which feed the tree. In this process, as well as wood, trees create many chemicals, seeds and fruit of great utility to man. Trees also remove carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, from the air.
Trees are of continued importance to the environment. Tropical rain forests have of particular significance; although they now occupy less than 6 per cent of the land surface of the earth they probable sustain more than half of the biological species on the planet.
Notwithstanding the debt we owe to trees, their emotive power, and their importance to other forms of life, the forested area of the earth is steadily being depleted. This is leading to the degradation of the environment and the extinction of many species. There is now a real danger that in the not very distant future man will destroy a large proportion of the present population of species on earth, create an uninhabitable environment, and then die out himself. If this happens it will not be the first time that a large proportion of the species on the earth have been extinguished.
AGRICULTURE LANDSCAPE
Landscape aesthetics is another environmental service for which markets are developing. Farming practices can generate landscape externalities and specific policies could provide incentives to enhance the provision of this service.
The term landscape aesthetics is meant to indicate the pleasure people gain from seeing, visiting, or even knowing of the existence of certain landscape features. Landscapes have distinct values in themselves which can be of different types. People may be interested just in ensuring the continuing existence of certain landscapes, habitats or ecosystems, even if they are not benefiting from them directly in any other way. However, landscapes can also have more direct use values, exploited through activities such as ecotourism (visits to places with unique flora and fauna) or agritourism (visits to landscapes where humans have practiced agriculture in ways that result in interesting scenery).
IMPORTANCE OF TREES AND JUSTIFICATION OF THEIR INCLUSION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPING.
ReplyDeleteTrees create many fruits, seeds and chemicals of great utility to man through the process of photosynthesis in which the leaves of trees combine the water and salts which the trees were able to lift out of the earth to their leaves with carbon dioxide from the air to produce the nutrients which feed the trees and release oxygen which is essential for respiration other living organisms (animals). Trees also clean or remove air pollutants from the environment by trapping airborne particles, reducing heat and air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide by lowering air temperature, respiration and retaining the particulates which lead to reduced greenhouse gas load. Dead trees that get buried in the soil decay due to microbial activities thereby providing fossils such as coal, gasoline products, etc. trees serve as home to micro organisms and some diverse kinds of animals. They also provide cover over the top surface of earth (soil), thereby preventing excessive heating up by solar rays. They also increase water percolation and humus content of the soil, thus increasing the soil nutrients.
In landscaping, trees are used for different reasons which include: prevention of soil erosion, shading which helps in temperature regulation, increase of the real estate values of property by beautifying the property or neighborhood. Also, trees are used because they reduce wind velocity. Hence, they are windbreakers.
IMPORTANCE OF TREES AND JUSTIFICATION OF THEIR INCLUSION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPING.
ReplyDeleteTrees create many fruits, seeds and chemicals of great utility to man through the process of photosynthesis in which the leaves of trees combine the water and salts which the trees were able to lift out of the earth to their leaves with carbon dioxide from the air to produce the nutrients which feed the trees and release oxygen which is essential for respiration other living organisms (animals). Trees also clean or remove air pollutants from the environment by trapping airborne particles, reducing heat and air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide by lowering air temperature, respiration and retaining the particulates which lead to reduced greenhouse gas load. Dead trees that get buried in the soil decay due to microbial activities thereby providing fossils such as coal, gasoline products, etc. trees serve as home to micro organisms and some diverse kinds of animals. They also provide cover over the top surface of earth (soil), thereby preventing excessive heating up by solar rays. They also increase water percolation and humus content of the soil, thus increasing the soil nutrients.
In landscaping, trees are used for different reasons which include: prevention of soil erosion, shading which helps in temperature regulation, increase of the real estate values of property by beautifying the property or neighborhood. Also, trees are used because they reduce wind velocity. Hence, they are windbreakers.
I am studying your blog, really awesome, can you give us some time to say about us.
ReplyDeleteWe AOS Brand love Nigeria and specially we care the people of Nigeria in the respect of nature, we work with Tea tree, Eucalyptus, Rosemary oil and numerous, let us see all these on: http://www.aosproduct.com/ESSENTIAL-OILS/Eucalyptus-Oil unique quality for your home uses.
ReplyDelete