Parasitism: Is an organism which get part of all of its food from another species called the host. The activities are usually harmful and the host derived no benefit from the association. E.g fungi on crops. That means is a kind of interaction between organism in which one partner benefits (parasite) at the expense of the other partner (host).
The parasite lives in or on the host. However, it must be considered that parasitism often has costs as well as benefits. These animals (parasites) from evolutionary pathway has lost their free living ability and have lost their ability to choose habitats. The fact that they must move among hosts to complete their life cycle reduces their reproduction rate and increases their mortality rate.
Kinds of parasitism 1. Social parasites depend on the social behavior of another animal to complete their life cycle. For example, cowbirds lay their eggs in the nest of other birds, which unknowingly incubate and hatch the cowbirds eggs. 2. Micro parasites include bacteria, viruses and protistans; macro parasites includes flatworms, nematodes, and small arthropods.
Commensalism:- is a symbiotic association in which one species (i.e commensal) lives on another species (i.e the host) and benefits from the association but does no apparent harm to the host. E.g protozoa such as Extomoeba coli. Therefore this can be seen as a symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits and the second member is neither helped nor harmed.
Mutualism:- Is the highest form of symbiosis between two different species in which the two partner derive mutual benefits from each other. E.g nitrogen fixing bacteria. That means mutualism can be seen as a symbiotic relationship that benefits both partners. For instance the association of the nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) with the tissue of the roots of leguminous plant in the form of root nodules. The bacteria feed on the carbohydrates in the root tissues. The plant also makes use of some of the nitrogenous matter which the bacteria are able to build up from the nitrogen in the air between the soil particles. Lichens constitute another example of mutualism, lichens are associations of fungus and an alga.
2. The sun shines
Plant grow by photosynthesis (converting carbon dioxide and water into food using the sun’s energy)
Grasshoppers feed on plants
Nice feed on grasshoppers
Birds of prey feed on nice
The linear trophic relationship between the plant, herbivore and carnivore also constitute food chain. Plant goat leopard Or Plant insect bird
JONAH GODWIN .E.U2009/5020206 PARASITISM:This is a type of relationship in which the microorganisms benefit from the host as well as causing harm to the host,(ECTOPARASITE).E.g the activities between man and tick. MUTUALISM: This is the type of relationship whereby the host and the microorganism benefit from each other.E.g normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract and man. COMENSALISM: Is a type of relationship in which the microorganisms benefit from the host but does not cause harm to the host. E.g protozoans such as the extomoeba coli.
Symbiosis describes the feeding relationship between any two living organisms. The symbiotic relationship between organisms may be;
1)Commensalism: This describes a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other neither gains nor looses(i.e is not affected in any way). Such cases usually occur when the organism which is providing the nutrients (or any other essential commodity/service e.g shelter) is able to provide them in sufficient quantities for itself and its fellow commensal. Such relationships may occur between animal species, between plant species or between a plant and an animal species. An example of commensalism between plant species is seen in the relationship of orchids and mosses with trees. These plants grow on trunks or branches of trees,get the light they need as well as nutrients that run down along the tree. As long as these plants do not grow two heavy, the tree is not affected.
2)Mutualism: This describes a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.In such a relationship, both have something to offer to each other,making it undesirable for either organism to quit the association. A good example is observed as ants like the weaver ant nest in trees. Here, the weaver ant consumes bugs and other insects that might otherwise be harmful to the tree, while in return, the tree provides shelter for the weaver ants.By so doing, the weaver ant is provided with shelter and the tree remains protected against harmful insects that infest the tree as well as unwanted human vandalization of the tree.
3)Parasitism: This describes the symbiotic relationship where one organism gains and the other looses.Here, one of the organisms is selfish to the fact that its dependence on the other (i.e the host) organism causes it harm;rather,its only concern is how to benefit from this host organism without giving back anything. The host organism,however,is helpless to the fact that the parasite is causing harm to it and all it can do is to slowly loose its life as a result of this continous parasitism. Therefore, it is right to say that the resulting effect of parasitism is the eventual death of the host organism. An example of a parasitic association exists between the strangler fig and trees.The strangler fig grows on the branches of a tree and then eventually sprouts aerial roots. Over time,many roots may grow and then will wrap around the tree resulting in its death.
COMMERCIALISM:(+/-):com = together; Mensa = table) is a relationship in which one of the partners (commensal) benefits, while the other (host)is neither benefited nor harmed. The advantage derived by commensal species from its host frequently involves shelter, support, food or several of these. Example; A commensal relationship is found between a small fish called remora and shark.Another is the use of trees by birds for shelter and nesting. A kite for instance build its nest on the branches of big trees like IROKO. It rests and sleep on the top of the iroko. Apparently the kite does no harm to the iroko tree and the tree does not gain anything from the kite.
PARASITISM- Is the association between a host and a parasite. The organism gaining food, protection and shelter is called PARASITE while the organism being harmed and providing food, protection and shelter is called HOST. Some parasites live on the surface of their hosts called ECTOPARASITE.example lice (singular louse), ticks, bed-bugs, fleas and mites, while other parasites that live inside the bodies of their hosts are called ENDOPARASITES. example are plasmodium, hookworm (Ancylostoma), Asearis lumbricoids (common roundworm), tapeworm(Taeniasolium) and liverfluke(fasciola hepatica).
MUTUAL ISM OR SYMBIOSIS(+/+) When both populations benefits and at least one of them is so dependent upon the other for some critical resource or function that it cannot survive in the given environment without the other species is referred to as MUTUAL ISM OR SYMBIOSIS. example, association between Alga and fungus(lichens). The alga carries out photosynthesis while fungus absorbs rain water through its tangled network of MECELIA which the alga uses to photosynthesize its food, the fungus gets ready made food from the alga.
MUTUALISM Mutualism is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to both partners. It is the way two organisms of different species biologically interact in a relationship in which each individual derives a fitness benefit (ie; increased or improved reproductive output). Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation. Examples are the relationship between the Red-billed oxpecker which eats ticks on the impala's coat, relationship between some ants in the genus pseudomyrmex and trees in the genus Acacia, such as the whistling thorn and Bullhorn acacia.
COMMENSALISM This is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to one (the commensal) and does not affect the other (the host). One organism benefits and the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit). Examples are the relationship between Tigers and golden jackals, Birds following army ant raids on a forest floor, an orchid or Lichen (the commensal) growing on a tree.
PARASITISM It is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to one (the parasite) and harmful to the other (the host). It is where one benefits at the expense of the other; the host. E.g Mistletoe and Cuscuta on Tectona grandis.
TYPES Parasites which live on the outer surface of a host are termed ECTOPARASITES. Those that live within a host are ENDOPARASITE. If the organism has to live parasitically at all times, it is said to be an OBLIGATE PARASITE. Facultative parasites are those that can feed either parasitically or saprophitically. Those parasites living in an intermediate position, being half ecto-parasite and half endo-parasite are sometimes called MESOPARASITE. An EPIPARASITE is one that feeds on another parasite.
KLEPTOPARASITISM: Parasites appropriate food gathered by the host. E.g Cuckoo and Cowbird, which do not build nests of their own but rather deposit their eggs in nests of other species and abandon them there.
MUTUAL ISM- This is the association that occur between two kind of organisms where by both recieve benefits from each other without causing any damage. Example birds and deer, birds feed on the insects on deer body the deer becomes cleaned.
PARASITISM- This couled be described as the assciation between two organisims in which one of the organism is harm being the host and other recieve benefit by causing damage to the host. Example dodder is a parasites that live on srub to derive it nutrinent.
COMMERCIALISM- This is the association between two different kind of organisms in which one of the organisms benefits why the other neither lost or gain.Example squirrel and oak tree, squirrel found shelter on oak tree and he tree is harmless. Bees and tree,the tree is been pollinated by bees.
MUTUALISM- This is the association that occur between two kind of organisms where by both receive mutual benifits from each other without causing any damage. Example Birds and deer, birds feed on the insects on deers body and the deer becomes cleaned.
PARASITISM- This could be described as the association between two organisms in which one of the organism is harm been the host, and other been the parasite recieve benefits by causing damage to the host. Example Dodder and shrubs.Dodder is a parasite that lives on shrub to derive benefits.
COMMENSALISM- This is the association between two different kind of organisms in which one of the organism benefit while the other neither loss or gain. Example squirrel and oak tree, squirrel found shelter on oak tree and the trees is harmless. Bees and tree, Bee pollinate trees and the tree is been pollinated.
Parasitism: This is an association between a tree and an organism that lives on, and secures food from the tree, such organ may be plant or animal. In commercial wood production, parasite organism reduce tree growth and can destroy some trees and forest stand, the tree crop provides the parasite with nutrients at the expense of its own living tissues. Parasitism is always a hostile relationship since the parasite deprives its host of energy without compensation.
e.g relationship between mistletoe and a tree species, the mistletoe obtain it nutrient from the tree. The second e.g is the relationship between phytolyma lata and the iroko, this parasite cause the development of gall in the host. The third e.g is the relationship between liana and some trees, in that the lianas (climber) depend upon these trees for mechanical support, lianas benefit from the relationship by securing more light, than they would have done while trailing on the ground, and they affect the host by shading its leaves and breaking all parts of its crown by their weight.
Mutualism: Is a biological interaction between individuals of two different species, when both individuals derive a fitness benefit, e.g relationship between bees and flowers, secondly certain ants nest inside the plants thorns. In exchange for food and shelter, ant protected trees from attack by herbivores and competition from other plants.
Commensalism Is a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed, e.g orchids which grow on trees, birds living in a holes of tree or build their net on tree branches and another example is mycorrhizas and endosymbiosis.
NAME: OKEBALAMA FRANCIS U. MAT. NO.: U2009/5020210
Parasitism Where in one organism, usually, physically smaller of the two (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harm, e.g female mosquito ingest blood for the protein and the male mosquito ingest plant juices, second examples, when the fungus chicken of the woods” grows on trees. The fungus breaks down the tree and gets it nutrient that way and the tree die.
Commensalism:- This is a close association between the living organisms of different species which is beneficial to one and does not affect the other. E.g hydractima attaches itself to whelk shells in habited by hermit crabs. It obtain nourishment from the scraps of food lift by the crab after it has eaten.
Mutualism: Is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to both partners. E.g the formation of root nodules by rhizobuim, a bacterium.
Egiri Merc.A U2009/5020205 The term symbiotic relationship refers to long term biological interaction between two different organisms in the ecosystem.Symbiotic relationships are grouped into-mutualism,commensalism and parasitism. 1)MUTUALISM:This refers to a symbiotic association in which all the species involved in the process of biological interaction benefits from each other and in which none looses.Examples of mutualism in the forest ecosystem includes the relationship between the capuchin monkeys and flowering trees in the tropical rainforest.When the capuchin Monkeys feeds on necter in these flowers by lapping it up,it gets pollen on its face which it eventually transfers to other flowers in the process of feeding on them.In this way,the trees provides the capuchin species with food, while the capuchin monkeys facilitates pollination of flowes of these trees. 2)COMMENSALISM:This is a type of association in which one of the species involved benefits from the association and the other neither benefits nor looses.Examples includes the association beween trees and the epiphytes that use their trunks as the substratum for the anchorage of their roots.Another example is the relationship between ecitoninae the new world army ants, inhabiting the rainforest floor and antbirds-small dull-colored south American bird species.These armyants are notorious for their tendency to take on anything that comes in their path.The antbirds on the other hand follow these ants and feed on whatever is left behind after the ants are done with their share.The ants manage to shake the floor as they march and the ruffles insects on the floor fly up and are eaten by the antbirds.In this way, the antbirds benefits from the army ants,but the armyants don't benefit from the antbird. 3)PARASITISM:This is a type of association occuring between two species in which one specie called the parasite is gaining at the expense of the other-the host,which is loosing.parasitism is a mode of life.It occurs only between the individuals of different species of organisms.The benefits the parasites derives from a host may include food,oxygen,living space, and support.The host is usually much bigger than the parasites.parasitism does not usually lead to the death of the host.It can however lead to a number of harms such as reduction in growth and predisposition of the host to attack by diseases and weakening.The dependence of phorid fly on leaf-cutter ants is the best example of parasitism.When these leaf-cutter ants are collecting leaves,the phorid flies attack them and lay their eggs in the crevices of the worker ant's head.When the eggs hatch,the larvae bume into the ant's body and feeds in it thus killing the ant.In this manner,the phorid fly gets benefited from the leaf-cutters ants,but the leaf-cutters have to bear the brunts of their dependence.
MUTUALISM this is the way two organism of different species biologically interact in a relationship in which each individual derives a fitness benefit (increased or improved reproductive output). Example mycorrhizal association between plant roots and fungi, where the plant provide carbohydrate to fungus in return for primary phosphate but also nitrogenous compounds. Ways in which mutualism occur include 1. resource to resource: one type of resource is traded for a different resource. 2.service to resource : one render service for the others resource. E.g animals dispersing plant seeds. 3.service to service:they both render service to each others. E.g some ants in genus pseudomymex and trees in the genus Acacia.
COMMENSALIS this is a relationship btween two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral(there is no harm orbenefit). E.g tigers and golden jackals, orchids and mosses and barnacles and scallop. Types of commonsalism 1. Phoresy: one organisn attaching to the other for transportarion 2. Inquilinism one organism using a second organism for housing. 3. Metabiosis
PARASITISM this is a type of non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism( parasite) benefits at the expense of the other(host). We also have micro parasites which are typically smaller such as viruses and bacteria. E.g verte brate host and diverse animals such tapeworm, flukes e.t.c.
Over the years plants and animals have been relating with each other in one way or the other as well as with other non-biological surrounding around them.
This association can either be between two or more species depending on the type of relationship they exhibits.
Symbiosis generally is used to describe these different association that occur between organisms. Below are the symbiotic relationship that exist between plants and animal.
COMMENSALISM This is an association between unrelated organisms in which he commensal benefits while the other (host) is not affected. i.e. the host is said to be neutral because it is not affected in any way.
Example: An epiphytic fern that lives on a tree cites its location where it can get enough sunlight for photosynthesis without affecting the other.
MUTUALISM This is an association between two unrelated organisms which is beneficial to both although one is greatly depended upon the other for some critical resources or function that it can’t survive in the given environment without the other species.
Example: The oxpecker birds on the buffaloes the cattle are groomed by tick bird which helps them to remove blood sucking fleas and tick from their hides, while the birds gets its own food by eating the ticks therefore reducing the parasitic infestation of the buffalo.
PARASITISM This is an association in which one of the organism the parasites lives on or inside the body of another organisms (host) deriving benefit from it and also causing harm to it. Animal are often host to a range of parasitic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and invertebrates like round worm flukes, ticks etc. plants also are host to parasites such as viruses, bacteria, nematodes even other flowing plants like witch weed (striga) and dodder (cuscute) as well. Parasites that lives on the body surface of their host such as ticks, fleas, lice etc are called ectoparasites while those that live inside the body of host e.g. round worm, hook worm, tapeworm etc are called endoparasites.
Examples Dodder witch weed and mistletoe. The dodder here organs have a sucker called haustorie which penetrate the host and absorb nutrient from the host cells. Although the host cell is not damaged, the cell membrane becomes permeable to nutrient making food to pass into the parasitic easily.
Generally symbiosis is any close and prolonged relationship between two or more organisms of different species. Which may be all consumer; consumer and procurer; produce and saprophyte and so on. Their relationship may be temporary, permanent, harmful, beneficial and neutral.
We study these association to know how these organisms relates in their natural environments, and how they associate, adapt and survive successfully and how these association are balanced up in their environments.
Describe the following symbiotic relationship using examples; i. Commensalism ii. Mutualism iii. Parasitism 1. Commensalism: Commensalism is the term which describes the relationship between two different organisms often living closely together, in which one of the organisms derives some benefits from the association. While the other is relatively unaffected. Examples: Let’s take a good look on bromeliads (plants living on trees in rain forests) and frog; the frog get shelter and water from the bromeliads, but the bromeliad is unaffected. Another good example; could be between the buffalo and the oxpecker bird foraging in the wild or fields among other wild animal. As buffalo, antelop and other wild animal graze on the fields, they cause movements that stirrup various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the oxpecker bird following the wild animal catch and feed upon them. The oxpecker benefits from this relationship because the wild animal have helped them fine their meals, while the wild animal (buffalo, antelop ) are typically unaffected by it. 2. Mutualism: Mutualism is an association between two unrelated organisms which is beneficial to both. Examples of mutualism, clownfish and sea anemones; clownfish are small, brightly-coloured fish found in coral reefs. They are frequently found in the tentacles of sea anemones, which typically capture their pray by paralyzing them with discharge cniloblasts (nematocytes), and then ingesting the animal within gastrovascular cavity.
Example 2: Buffalo are groomed by tick birds which remove blood sucking flies and ticks from their hides. In this association, the birds get food by eating the ticks, while the buffalo benefits by having their parasitic infestation reduced. This enables the buffalo to thrive and be more productive. This is common among many herbivores. 3. Parasitism: Is an association of non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organisms, the parasitic, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Examples 1: Are the parasitic plants, known as the witch weed (sntriga) and dodder (cuscuta). Dodder witch weed are mistletoe are common parasitic plants that live on other plants. They have organs called suckers or haustoria (singular: haustorium). These attach the parasitic to the host and penetrate into the hosts body to absorb food from the host’s cell. Usually, the haustoria do not damage the host’s cells but make their cell membranes permeable to nutrients, enabling food to pass into the parasite. Example 2 of Parasitism: Leeches, which are common in tropical forest as are mosquitoes. Both feed on the blood of host’s and give nothing in return making it a parasitic relationship.
NAME: ONYEKWERE CHSION JULIETH DEPARTMENT: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND EXTENSION MAT. NO: U2010/5015035 COURSE CODE: AGR. 201.1 DATE: 2nd APRIL, 2012
Trees are tall plants that can live a long time; they are mostly domesticated in the forests. They can be used in a variety of ways; they can be planted in various locations and for many purposes. These are extremely valuable in shaping the landscape and in sustaining the capacity of the land to support a growing population. The multiple roles of trees include goods and services.
Trees protect and produce. They cast their shade over plants and animals and they also produce fruits, vegetables for consumption or for sale. They replenish the soil fertility (top soil) when tree leaf liters and branches decay and they protect the soil against erosion and they also help in water balance, aeration of the soil. They can also be used for beautification purposes. Trees serves as micro-habitation for little animals (e.g., birds, squirrel) and can serve as shelter against adverse weather conditions. Trees are used for timber production thereby brining about investment and savings from sale of wood products. In agriculture, trees are used to shape the landscape and have a moderating influence on the climate. They act as barrier against air pollution. The tree leafs and roots can be used for medicinal purposes.
A single tree may serve several distinct purposes they are known as multipurpose trees (coconut). On the other hand, using the tree for a particular purpose tends to affect the other uses as such should be planted for one purpose so as to accept the consequence for the reduction of other benefit.
NAME:LEMEA CHRISTIANA TORNUBARI MAT NO:U2010/5015065 DEPT:AGRIC ECONS AND EXTENSION IMPORTANCE OF TREES AND THEIR INCLUSION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE. TREES What is a Tree? A tree is a large, woody, long lived and shedding organism. Trees produce food from sunlight hitting their leaves (photosynthesis). This food is then transported through the branches and the roots where it is burned up in the same way we use food (respiration). Why Are Trees Important? Since the beginning, trees have furnished us with two of life's essentials, food and oxygen. As we evolved, they provided additional necessities such as shelter, medicine, and tools. Today, their value continues to increase and more benefits of trees are being discovered as their role expands to satisfy the needs created by our modern lifestyles. Practical and Commercial Value
Trees have supported and sustained life throughout our existence. They have a wide variety of practical and commercial uses. Wood was the very first fuel, and is still used for cooking and heating by about half of the world's population. Trees provide timber for building construction, furniture manufacture, tools, sporting equipment, and thousands of household items. Wood pulp is used to make paper. Community and Social Value
Trees are an important part of every community. Our streets, parks, playgrounds and backyards are lined with trees that create a peaceful, aesthetically pleasing environment. Trees increase our quality of life by bringing natural elements and wildlife habitats into urban settings. Ecological and Environmental Value
Trees contribute to their environment by providing oxygen, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife. During the process of photosynthesis, trees take in carbon dioxide and produce the oxygen we breathe. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, "One acre of forest absorbs six tons of carbon dioxide and puts out four tons of oxygen. Property Value and Economic Value
Why Trees Are Important
Individual trees and shrubs have value and contribute to savings, but it is the collective influence of a well-maintained landscape that makes a real economic impact and has the greatest effect on property value. Direct economic benefits come from a savings in energy costs. Homes with "excellent" landscaping can expect a sale price 6-7% higher than equivalent houses with "good" landscaping. Improving "average" to "good" landscaping can result in a 4-5% increase. - Clemson University. The tree leafs and roots can be used for medicinal purposes.
NAME: OBIA BLESSING NGOZI DEPARTMENT: ANIMAL SCIENCE AND FISHERIES FACULTY: AGRICULTURE COURSE: GENERAL AGRICULTURE COURSE CODE: AGR 201.1 MAT NO: U2010/5010007
In not more than 500 words, summaries the important of trees and justify their inclusion in agricultural landscapes. A tree is a perennial wooden plant it most often has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dormancy. Tree are largest and longest living organisms. Tree plays vital role in agricultural landscape with my following points • Air purification: Trees can help in purifying air taking in carbon and giving out oxygen to animals during photosynthesis. • For Medicines: Medicines are gotten from trees roots, stem, and leaves which are used to produces herbs. • Microhabitats for Organisms: Trees serves as habitats for organisms like rabbits, monkey and most time birds • For Construction: Trees are used in construction companies for roofing, road constructions and other farm activities • Provisions of shades: Trees serves as shades for animals, plants and man to protect them from harsh weather conditions such as sun light, heavy rain fall and others. • Fight Soil Erosion: Trees root bind the soil and their leaves break the force of wind and rain on the soil • Source of Wine: Wine can be obtained from farm species like Raffia Hookier and Eleusis Guineansis. Wine tapping is a major occupation in most rural dwellers in Southern Nigeria. • Prevention of Global Warming: they help to absorb some dangerous gases released in the atmosphere that are hazards and could cause deception of ozone layers. These are important in agricultural landscape because it helps nutrient flow and productivity. • Control of Noise Pollutions: Trees mottle urban noise almost as effectives as stone walls. Tree planted at strategic points in a neighbourhood or around your house, can abate major noises from freeways and airport. • Trees also create many chemicals, seeds and fruit of great utility to man. • Trees increase our quality of life by bringing natural elements and wild life habitats in urban setting. We gather the good shades of trees during outdoor activities with our families and friends. Tress not only provides products, they also protect the environment and improve the living conditions around a farm. For example they provide shelter and play a vital role in sustaining soil fertility. All over the world, forests as well as scattered trees are being cut down by people in their search for timber, fuel-wood or land and for other uses. Uncontrolled fires also destroy many trees. Proper management of trees and forest is necessary to make resources sustainable. Farmers are also aware of the environmental benefits and use trees as follow vegetation, hedges, windbreaks, erosion barriers, etc. Where these traditional roles of trees are diminishing due to increasing population pressure and/or changing land use, it is necessary to encourage and support local initiatives to plant trees. • N/B a land or farm without a tree is not environmentally sound or aesthetically pleasing.
Parasitism: Is an organism which get part of all of its food from another species called the host. The activities are usually harmful and the host derived no benefit from the association. E.g fungi on crops. That means is a kind of interaction between organism in which one partner benefits (parasite) at the expense of the other partner (host).
ReplyDeleteThe parasite lives in or on the host. However, it must be considered that parasitism often has costs as well as benefits. These animals (parasites) from evolutionary pathway has lost their free living ability and have lost their ability to choose habitats. The fact that they must move among hosts to complete their life cycle reduces their reproduction rate and increases their mortality rate.
Kinds of parasitism
1. Social parasites depend on the social behavior of another animal to complete their life cycle. For example, cowbirds lay their eggs in the nest of other birds, which unknowingly incubate and hatch the cowbirds eggs.
2. Micro parasites include bacteria, viruses and protistans; macro parasites includes flatworms, nematodes, and small arthropods.
Commensalism:- is a symbiotic association in which one species (i.e commensal) lives on another species (i.e the host) and benefits from the association but does no apparent harm to the host. E.g protozoa such as Extomoeba coli. Therefore this can be seen as a symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits and the second member is neither helped nor harmed.
Mutualism:- Is the highest form of symbiosis between two different species in which the two partner derive mutual benefits from each other. E.g nitrogen fixing bacteria. That means mutualism can be seen as a symbiotic relationship that benefits both partners. For instance the association of the nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) with the tissue of the roots of leguminous plant in the form of root nodules. The bacteria feed on the carbohydrates in the root tissues. The plant also makes use of some of the nitrogenous matter which the bacteria are able to build up from the nitrogen in the air between the soil particles. Lichens constitute another example of mutualism, lichens are associations of fungus and an alga.
2. The sun shines
Plant grow by photosynthesis
(converting carbon dioxide and
water into food using the sun’s energy)
Grasshoppers feed on plants
Nice feed on grasshoppers
Birds of prey feed on nice
The linear trophic relationship between the plant, herbivore and carnivore also constitute food chain.
Plant goat leopard
Or
Plant insect bird
JONAH GODWIN .E.U2009/5020206
ReplyDeletePARASITISM:This is a type of relationship in which the microorganisms benefit from the host as well as causing harm to the host,(ECTOPARASITE).E.g the activities between man and tick.
MUTUALISM: This is the type of relationship whereby the host and the microorganism benefit from each other.E.g normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract and man.
COMENSALISM: Is a type of relationship in which the microorganisms benefit from the host but does not cause harm to the host. E.g protozoans such as the extomoeba coli.
March 28, 2012 10:34 PM
Symbiosis describes the feeding relationship between any two living organisms. The symbiotic relationship between organisms may be;
ReplyDelete1)Commensalism: This describes a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other neither gains nor looses(i.e is not affected in any way). Such cases usually occur when the organism which is providing the nutrients (or any other essential commodity/service e.g shelter) is able to provide them in sufficient quantities for itself and its fellow commensal. Such relationships may occur between animal species, between plant species or between a plant and an animal species.
An example of commensalism between plant species is seen in the relationship of orchids and mosses with trees. These plants grow on trunks or branches of trees,get the light they need as well as nutrients that run down along the tree. As long as these plants do not grow two heavy, the tree is not affected.
2)Mutualism: This describes a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.In such a relationship, both have something to offer to each other,making it undesirable for either organism to quit the association.
A good example is observed as ants like the weaver ant nest in trees. Here, the weaver ant consumes bugs and other insects that might otherwise be harmful to the tree, while in return, the tree provides shelter for the weaver ants.By so doing, the weaver ant is provided with shelter and the tree remains protected against harmful insects that infest the tree as well as unwanted human vandalization of the tree.
3)Parasitism: This describes the symbiotic relationship where one organism gains and the other looses.Here, one of the organisms is selfish to the fact that its dependence on the other (i.e the host) organism causes it harm;rather,its only concern is how to benefit from this host organism without giving back anything. The host organism,however,is helpless to the fact that the parasite is causing harm to it and all it can do is to slowly loose its life as a result of this continous parasitism. Therefore, it is right to say that the resulting effect of parasitism is the eventual death of the host organism.
An example of a parasitic association exists between the strangler fig and trees.The strangler fig grows on the branches of a tree and then eventually sprouts aerial roots. Over time,many roots may grow and then will wrap around the tree resulting in its death.
COMMERCIALISM:(+/-):com = together; Mensa = table) is a relationship in which one of the partners (commensal) benefits, while the other (host)is neither benefited nor harmed. The advantage derived by commensal species from its host frequently involves shelter, support, food or several of these. Example; A commensal relationship is found between a small fish called remora and shark.Another is the use of trees by birds for shelter and nesting. A kite for instance build its nest on the branches of big trees like IROKO. It rests and sleep on the top of the iroko. Apparently the kite does no harm to the iroko tree and the tree does not gain anything from the kite.
ReplyDeletePARASITISM- Is the association between a host and a parasite. The organism gaining food, protection and shelter is called PARASITE while the organism being harmed and providing food, protection and shelter is called HOST.
Some parasites live on the surface of their hosts called ECTOPARASITE.example lice (singular louse), ticks, bed-bugs, fleas and mites, while other parasites that live inside the bodies of their hosts are called ENDOPARASITES. example are plasmodium, hookworm (Ancylostoma), Asearis lumbricoids (common roundworm), tapeworm(Taeniasolium) and liverfluke(fasciola hepatica).
MUTUAL ISM OR SYMBIOSIS(+/+) When both populations benefits and at least one of them is so dependent upon the other for some critical resource or function that it cannot survive in the given environment without the other species is referred to as MUTUAL ISM OR SYMBIOSIS. example, association between Alga and fungus(lichens). The alga carries out photosynthesis while fungus absorbs rain water through its tangled network of MECELIA which the alga uses to photosynthesize its food, the fungus gets ready made food from the alga.
NAME:WALI CHINEDU .N.
MAT NO:U2009/5020213
MAZI EUNICE C.
ReplyDeleteU2009/5020207
MUTUALISM
Mutualism is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to both partners. It is the way two organisms of different species biologically interact in a relationship in which each individual derives a fitness benefit (ie; increased or improved reproductive output). Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation. Examples are the relationship between the Red-billed oxpecker which eats ticks on the impala's coat, relationship between some ants in the genus pseudomyrmex and trees in the genus Acacia, such as the whistling thorn and Bullhorn acacia.
COMMENSALISM
This is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to one (the commensal) and does not affect the other (the host). One organism benefits and the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit). Examples are the relationship between Tigers and golden jackals, Birds following army ant raids on a forest floor, an orchid or Lichen (the commensal) growing on a tree.
PARASITISM
It is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to one (the parasite) and harmful to the other (the host). It is where one benefits at the expense of the other; the host. E.g Mistletoe and Cuscuta on Tectona grandis.
TYPES
Parasites which live on the outer surface of a host are termed ECTOPARASITES. Those that live within a host are ENDOPARASITE. If the organism has to live parasitically at all times, it is said to be an OBLIGATE PARASITE. Facultative parasites are those that can feed either parasitically or saprophitically. Those parasites living in an intermediate position, being half ecto-parasite and half endo-parasite are sometimes called MESOPARASITE. An EPIPARASITE is one that feeds on another parasite.
KLEPTOPARASITISM: Parasites appropriate food gathered by the host. E.g Cuckoo and Cowbird, which do not build nests of their own but rather deposit their eggs in nests of other species and abandon them there.
MUTUAL ISM- This is the association that occur between two kind of organisms where by both recieve benefits from each other without causing any damage. Example birds and deer, birds feed on the insects on deer body the deer becomes cleaned.
ReplyDeletePARASITISM- This couled be described as the assciation between two organisims in which one of the organism is harm being the host and other recieve benefit by causing damage to the host. Example dodder is a parasites that live on srub to derive it nutrinent.
COMMERCIALISM- This is the association between two different kind of organisms in which one of the organisms benefits why the other neither lost or gain.Example squirrel and oak tree, squirrel found shelter on oak tree and he tree is harmless. Bees and tree,the tree is been pollinated by bees.
MUTUALISM- This is the association that occur between two kind of organisms where by both receive mutual benifits from each other without causing any damage. Example Birds and deer, birds feed on the insects on deers body and the deer becomes cleaned.
ReplyDeletePARASITISM- This could be described as the association between two organisms in which one of the organism is harm been the host, and other been the parasite recieve benefits by causing damage to the host. Example Dodder and shrubs.Dodder is a parasite that lives on shrub to derive benefits.
COMMENSALISM- This is the association between two different kind of organisms in which one of the organism benefit while the other neither loss or gain. Example squirrel and oak tree, squirrel found shelter on oak tree and the trees is harmless. Bees and tree, Bee pollinate trees and the tree is been pollinated.
NAME: NAALUBA MEEDORNWI
ReplyDeleteMAT. NO.: U2009/5020208
Parasitism:
This is an association between a tree and an organism that lives on, and secures food from the tree, such organ may be plant or animal. In commercial wood production, parasite organism reduce tree growth and can destroy some trees and forest stand, the tree crop provides the parasite with nutrients at the expense of its own living tissues. Parasitism is always a hostile relationship since the parasite deprives its host of energy without compensation.
e.g relationship between mistletoe and a tree species, the mistletoe obtain it nutrient from the tree. The second e.g is the relationship between phytolyma lata and the iroko, this parasite cause the development of gall in the host. The third e.g is the relationship between liana and some trees, in that the lianas (climber) depend upon these trees for mechanical support, lianas benefit from the relationship by securing more light, than they would have done while trailing on the ground, and they affect the host by shading its leaves and breaking all parts of its crown by their weight.
Mutualism:
Is a biological interaction between individuals of two different species, when both individuals derive a fitness benefit, e.g relationship between bees and flowers, secondly certain ants nest inside the plants thorns. In exchange for food and shelter, ant protected trees from attack by herbivores and competition from other plants.
Commensalism
Is a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed, e.g orchids which grow on trees, birds living in a holes of tree or build their net on tree branches and another example is mycorrhizas and endosymbiosis.
NAME: OKEBALAMA FRANCIS U.
ReplyDeleteMAT. NO.: U2009/5020210
Parasitism
Where in one organism, usually, physically smaller of the two (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harm, e.g female mosquito ingest blood for the protein and the male mosquito ingest plant juices, second examples, when the fungus chicken of the woods” grows on trees. The fungus breaks down the tree and gets it nutrient that way and the tree die.
Commensalism:-
This is a close association between the living organisms of different species which is beneficial to one and does not affect the other. E.g hydractima attaches itself to whelk shells in habited by hermit crabs. It obtain nourishment from the scraps of food lift by the crab after it has eaten.
Mutualism:
Is a close association between two living organisms of different species which is beneficial to both partners. E.g the formation of root nodules by rhizobuim, a bacterium.
Egiri Merc.A
ReplyDeleteU2009/5020205
The term symbiotic relationship refers to long term biological interaction between two different organisms in the ecosystem.Symbiotic relationships are grouped into-mutualism,commensalism and parasitism. 1)MUTUALISM:This refers to a symbiotic association in which all the species involved in the process of biological interaction benefits from each other and in which none looses.Examples of mutualism in the forest ecosystem includes the relationship between the capuchin monkeys and flowering trees in the tropical rainforest.When the capuchin Monkeys feeds on necter in these flowers by lapping it up,it gets pollen on its face which it eventually transfers to other flowers in the process of feeding on them.In this way,the trees provides the capuchin species with food, while the capuchin monkeys facilitates pollination of flowes of these trees. 2)COMMENSALISM:This is a type of association in which one of the species involved benefits from the association and the other neither benefits nor looses.Examples includes the association beween trees and the epiphytes that use their trunks as the substratum for the anchorage of their roots.Another example is the relationship between ecitoninae the new world army ants, inhabiting the rainforest floor and antbirds-small dull-colored south American bird species.These armyants are notorious for their tendency to take on anything that comes in their path.The antbirds on the other hand follow these ants and feed on whatever is left behind after the ants are done with their share.The ants manage to shake the floor as they march and the ruffles insects on the floor fly up and are eaten by the antbirds.In this way, the antbirds benefits from the army ants,but the armyants don't benefit from the antbird. 3)PARASITISM:This is a type of association occuring between two species in which one specie called the parasite is gaining at the expense of the other-the host,which is loosing.parasitism is a mode of life.It occurs only between the individuals of different species of organisms.The benefits the parasites derives from a host may include food,oxygen,living space, and support.The host is usually much bigger than the parasites.parasitism does not usually lead to the death of the host.It can however lead to a number of harms such as reduction in growth and predisposition of the host to attack by diseases and weakening.The dependence of phorid fly on leaf-cutter ants is the best example of parasitism.When these leaf-cutter ants are collecting leaves,the phorid flies attack them and lay their eggs in the crevices of the worker ant's head.When the eggs hatch,the larvae bume into the ant's body and feeds in it thus killing the ant.In this manner,the phorid fly gets benefited from the leaf-cutters ants,but the leaf-cutters have to bear the brunts of their dependence.
MUTUALISM
ReplyDeletethis is the way two organism of different species biologically interact in a relationship in which each individual derives a fitness benefit (increased or improved reproductive output). Example mycorrhizal association between plant roots and fungi, where the plant provide carbohydrate to fungus in return for primary phosphate but also nitrogenous compounds.
Ways in which mutualism occur include
1. resource to resource: one type of resource is traded for a different resource.
2.service to resource : one render service for the others resource. E.g animals dispersing plant seeds.
3.service to service:they both render service to each others. E.g some ants in genus pseudomymex and trees in the genus Acacia.
COMMENSALIS
this is a relationship btween two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral(there is no harm orbenefit). E.g tigers and golden jackals, orchids and mosses and barnacles and scallop.
Types of commonsalism
1. Phoresy: one organisn attaching to the other for transportarion
2. Inquilinism one organism using a second organism for housing.
3. Metabiosis
PARASITISM
this is a type of non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism( parasite) benefits at the expense of the other(host). We also have micro parasites which are typically smaller such as viruses and bacteria. E.g verte brate host and diverse animals such tapeworm, flukes e.t.c.
Over the years plants and animals have been relating with each other in one way or the other as well as with other non-biological surrounding around them.
ReplyDeleteThis association can either be between two or more species depending on the type of relationship they exhibits.
Symbiosis generally is used to describe these different association that occur between organisms.
Below are the symbiotic relationship that exist between plants and animal.
COMMENSALISM
This is an association between unrelated organisms in which he commensal benefits while the other (host) is not affected. i.e. the host is said to be neutral because it is not affected in any way.
Example:
An epiphytic fern that lives on a tree cites its location where it can get enough sunlight for photosynthesis without affecting the other.
MUTUALISM
This is an association between two unrelated organisms which is beneficial to both although one is greatly depended upon the other for some critical resources or function that it can’t survive in the given environment without the other species.
Example:
The oxpecker birds on the buffaloes the cattle are groomed by tick bird which helps them to remove blood sucking fleas and tick from their hides, while the birds gets its own food by eating the ticks therefore reducing the parasitic infestation of the buffalo.
PARASITISM
This is an association in which one of the organism the parasites lives on or inside the body of another organisms (host) deriving benefit from it and also causing harm to it. Animal are often host to a range of parasitic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and invertebrates like round worm flukes, ticks etc. plants also are host to parasites such as viruses, bacteria, nematodes even other flowing plants like witch weed (striga) and dodder (cuscute) as well.
Parasites that lives on the body surface of their host such as ticks, fleas, lice etc are called ectoparasites while those that live inside the body of host e.g. round worm, hook worm, tapeworm etc are called endoparasites.
Examples
Dodder witch weed and mistletoe.
The dodder here organs have a sucker called haustorie which penetrate the host and absorb nutrient from the host cells. Although the host cell is not damaged, the cell membrane becomes permeable to nutrient making food to pass into the parasitic easily.
Generally symbiosis is any close and prolonged relationship between two or more organisms of different species. Which may be all consumer; consumer and procurer; produce and saprophyte and so on. Their relationship may be temporary, permanent, harmful, beneficial and neutral.
We study these association to know how these organisms relates in their natural environments, and how they associate, adapt and survive successfully and how these association are balanced up in their environments.
Describe the following symbiotic relationship using examples;
ReplyDeletei. Commensalism
ii. Mutualism
iii. Parasitism
1. Commensalism: Commensalism is the term which describes the relationship between two different organisms often living closely together, in which one of the organisms derives some benefits from the association. While the other is relatively unaffected.
Examples: Let’s take a good look on bromeliads (plants living on trees in rain forests) and frog; the frog get shelter and water from the bromeliads, but the bromeliad is unaffected.
Another good example; could be between the buffalo and the oxpecker bird foraging in the wild or fields among other wild animal. As buffalo, antelop and other wild animal graze on the fields, they cause movements that stirrup various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the oxpecker bird following the wild animal catch and feed upon them. The oxpecker benefits from this relationship because the wild animal have helped them fine their meals, while the wild animal (buffalo, antelop ) are typically unaffected by it.
2. Mutualism: Mutualism is an association between two unrelated organisms which is beneficial to both.
Examples of mutualism, clownfish and sea anemones; clownfish are small, brightly-coloured fish found in coral reefs. They are frequently found in the tentacles of sea anemones, which typically capture their pray by paralyzing them with discharge cniloblasts (nematocytes), and then ingesting the animal within gastrovascular cavity.
Example 2:
Buffalo are groomed by tick birds which remove blood sucking flies and ticks from their hides. In this association, the birds get food by eating the ticks, while the buffalo benefits by having their parasitic infestation reduced. This enables the buffalo to thrive and be more productive. This is common among many herbivores.
3. Parasitism: Is an association of non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organisms, the parasitic, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
Examples 1: Are the parasitic plants, known as the witch weed (sntriga) and dodder (cuscuta). Dodder witch weed are mistletoe are common parasitic plants that live on other plants. They have organs called suckers or haustoria (singular: haustorium). These attach the parasitic to the host and penetrate into the hosts body to absorb food from the host’s cell. Usually, the haustoria do not damage the host’s cells but make their cell membranes permeable to nutrients, enabling food to pass into the parasite.
Example 2 of Parasitism: Leeches, which are common in tropical forest as are mosquitoes. Both feed on the blood of host’s and give nothing in return making it a parasitic relationship.
NAME: ONYEKWERE CHSION JULIETH
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND EXTENSION
MAT. NO: U2010/5015035
COURSE CODE: AGR. 201.1
DATE: 2nd APRIL, 2012
Trees are tall plants that can live a long time; they are mostly domesticated in the forests. They can be used in a variety of ways; they can be planted in various locations and for many purposes. These are extremely valuable in shaping the landscape and in sustaining the capacity of the land to support a growing population. The multiple roles of trees include goods and services.
Trees protect and produce. They cast their shade over plants and animals and they also produce fruits, vegetables for consumption or for sale. They replenish the soil fertility (top soil) when tree leaf liters and branches decay and they protect the soil against erosion and they also help in water balance, aeration of the soil. They can also be used for beautification purposes. Trees serves as micro-habitation for little animals (e.g., birds, squirrel) and can serve as shelter against adverse weather conditions. Trees are used for timber production thereby brining about investment and savings from sale of wood products. In agriculture, trees are used to shape the landscape and have a moderating influence on the climate. They act as barrier against air pollution. The tree leafs and roots can be used for medicinal purposes.
A single tree may serve several distinct purposes they are known as multipurpose trees (coconut). On the other hand, using the tree for a particular purpose tends to affect the other uses as such should be planted for one purpose so as to accept the consequence for the reduction of other benefit.
NAME:LEMEA CHRISTIANA TORNUBARI
ReplyDeleteMAT NO:U2010/5015065
DEPT:AGRIC ECONS AND EXTENSION
IMPORTANCE OF TREES AND THEIR INCLUSION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE.
TREES
What is a Tree?
A tree is a large, woody, long lived and shedding organism. Trees produce food from sunlight hitting their leaves (photosynthesis). This food is then transported through the branches and the roots where it is burned up in the same way we use food (respiration).
Why Are Trees Important?
Since the beginning, trees have furnished us with two of life's essentials, food and oxygen. As we evolved, they provided additional necessities such as shelter, medicine, and tools. Today, their value continues to increase and more benefits of trees are being discovered as their role expands to satisfy the needs created by our modern lifestyles.
Practical and Commercial Value
Trees have supported and sustained life throughout our existence. They have a wide variety of practical and commercial uses. Wood was the very first fuel, and is still used for cooking and heating by about half of the world's population. Trees provide timber for building construction, furniture manufacture, tools, sporting equipment, and thousands of household items. Wood pulp is used to make paper.
Community and Social Value
Trees are an important part of every community. Our streets, parks, playgrounds and backyards are lined with trees that create a peaceful, aesthetically pleasing environment. Trees increase our quality of life by bringing natural elements and wildlife habitats into urban settings.
Ecological and Environmental Value
Trees contribute to their environment by providing oxygen, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife. During the process of photosynthesis, trees take in carbon dioxide and produce the oxygen we breathe. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, "One acre of forest absorbs six tons of carbon dioxide and puts out four tons of oxygen.
Property Value and Economic Value
Why Trees Are Important
Individual trees and shrubs have value and contribute to savings, but it is the collective influence of a well-maintained landscape that makes a real economic impact and has the greatest effect on property value. Direct economic benefits come from a savings in energy costs.
Homes with "excellent" landscaping can expect a sale price 6-7% higher than equivalent houses with "good" landscaping. Improving "average" to "good" landscaping can result in a 4-5% increase.
- Clemson University.
The tree leafs and roots can be used for medicinal purposes.
NAME: OBIA BLESSING NGOZI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ANIMAL SCIENCE AND FISHERIES
FACULTY: AGRICULTURE
COURSE: GENERAL AGRICULTURE
COURSE CODE: AGR 201.1
MAT NO: U2010/5010007
In not more than 500 words, summaries the important of trees and justify their inclusion in agricultural landscapes.
A tree is a perennial wooden plant it most often has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dormancy. Tree are largest and longest living organisms.
Tree plays vital role in agricultural landscape with my following points
• Air purification: Trees can help in purifying air taking in carbon and giving out oxygen to animals during photosynthesis.
• For Medicines: Medicines are gotten from trees roots, stem, and leaves which are used to produces herbs.
• Microhabitats for Organisms: Trees serves as habitats for organisms like rabbits, monkey and most time birds
• For Construction: Trees are used in construction companies for roofing, road constructions and other farm activities
• Provisions of shades: Trees serves as shades for animals, plants and man to protect them from harsh weather conditions such as sun light, heavy rain fall and others.
• Fight Soil Erosion: Trees root bind the soil and their leaves break the force of wind and rain on the soil
• Source of Wine: Wine can be obtained from farm species like Raffia Hookier and Eleusis Guineansis. Wine tapping is a major occupation in most rural dwellers in Southern Nigeria.
• Prevention of Global Warming: they help to absorb some dangerous gases released in the atmosphere that are hazards and could cause deception of ozone layers. These are important in agricultural landscape because it helps nutrient flow and productivity.
• Control of Noise Pollutions: Trees mottle urban noise almost as effectives as stone walls. Tree planted at strategic points in a neighbourhood or around your house, can abate major noises from freeways and airport.
• Trees also create many chemicals, seeds and fruit of great utility to man.
• Trees increase our quality of life by bringing natural elements and wild life habitats in urban setting. We gather the good shades of trees during outdoor activities with our families and friends.
Tress not only provides products, they also protect the environment and improve the living conditions around a farm. For example they provide shelter and play a vital role in sustaining soil fertility. All over the world, forests as well as scattered trees are being cut down by people in their search for timber, fuel-wood or land and for other uses. Uncontrolled fires also destroy many trees.
Proper management of trees and forest is necessary to make resources sustainable.
Farmers are also aware of the environmental benefits and use trees as follow vegetation, hedges, windbreaks, erosion barriers, etc. Where these traditional roles of trees are diminishing due to increasing population pressure and/or changing land use, it is necessary to encourage and support local initiatives to plant trees.
• N/B a land or farm without a tree is not environmentally sound or aesthetically pleasing.